Topical drug delivery using phosphatidylcholine

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to compositions and methods for transdermal drug delivery comprising formulating a phosphatidylcholine carrier composition containing the drug and applying the composition to the skin.

PRIOR APPLICATION

Applicant claims priority benefits under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/384,597 filed May 31, 2002.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a topical drug delivery composition andmethod. More specifically, this invention relates to topical drugdelivery compositions and methods using phosphatidylcholine.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Transdermal drug delivery systems may be designed to act locally at thepoint of application or to act systemically by entering the body's bloodcirculation. In these systems, delivery may be achieved by directtopical application of a substance or drug in the form of an ointment orthe like, or by adhesion of a patch with a reservoir that holds the drugand releases it to the skin in a time-controlled fashion.

Transdermal delivery systems for agents such as drugs, pain relievingcompounds, vitamins, and skin improving compounds have been in use for anumber of years. However, these systems have typically only been usefulfor transdermal delivery of relatively small molecules. The skin'sporous structure permits such small molecules to pass from the epidermisto the dermis via diffusion. These transdermal delivery systems such ascreams have been developed for use with analgesics and skin refiningcompounds. Transdermal systems using a patch have been developed fornicotine and estrogen therapies. Estradiol technologies are described inU.S. Pat. No. 6,521,250 to Meconi, et al. However, large molecules, suchas insulin, are not able to diffuse through the skin. To date there hasnot been an effective and economical method to transport such moleculesthrough the epidermis to enter the bloodstream via the dermalvasculature.

It has been proposed that molecules, potentially including largermolecules, can be transported through the skin when such molecules arecontained within spherical vesicles, variously called microparticles,microspheres, liposomes, lipid vesicles, transfersomes, formed byhydrating a phospholipid. The resulting vessels are water-insoluble andare dispersed and suspended in a liquid base material which is appliedto the skin to deliver the drug. U.S. Pat. No. 6,165,500 to Cevcdiscloses “transfersomes,” which are vesicles containing both a lipidand surfactant, to achieve transdermal delivery, based on a theory thatosmotic pressure will drive the transfersomes through the dermis. Othersolutions have been proposed, including the use of ultrasound devices togenerating shock waves to enlarge pores, use of electric current todrive substances across skin, and the use of microneedles to pierce skinand deliver drugs into bloodstream. (See More Than the Patch: New Waysto Take Medicine Via Skin, New York Times, Jul. 2, 2002, page F5.

There remains a need for a transdermal drug delivery system with theimproved skin permeability and ability to transport a wider range ofsubstances or drugs. This problem is particularly apparent in thetransdermal delivery of substances composed of large molecules, such aspolypeptides or proteins, which do not readily pass through the pores ofthe skin. Absent such a transdermal drug delivery system, the use ofinjections to deliver these substances will remain the conventionaldosage method, despite the pain, complicated administration and generalinvasiveness involved therein.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compositions and methods of transdermaldrug delivery comprising formulating a composition containing the drugin a crystallized phosphatidylcholine carrier and applying thecomposition to the skin.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Phosphatidylcholine is used as a carrier for the topical drug deliveryof macromolecules in the practice of this invention. Phosphatidylcholineis a basic component of cell membrane bilayers and the main phospholipidcirculating in the plasma. Phosphatidylcholine is highly absorbable andsupplies choline which is needed to facilitate movement of fats and oilsacross and maintain cell membranes in animals.

Phosphatidylcholine compositions (herein abbreviated “PC compositions”)of the present invention are formulated to contain macromoleculessoluble in PC, which are then applied to skin for transdermal deliveryof the macromolecule. PC compositions of the invention are efficaciousin the delivery of macromolecular drugs that are conventionallyadministered intramuscularly, intravenously or orally, including, butnot limited to polypeptides such as insulin and somatropin,prostaglandins, glucocorticoids, estrogens, androgens, and the like.

It is an advantage of the invention that topical delivery is easier andpleasanter as an administration route than injections, particularly fordrugs such as insulin that must be given to patients over a period oftime, or for a lifetime. Furthermore, unlike oral administration where asubstantial amount of the drug can be destroyed in the digestiveprocess, the drugs in a topical application are not wasted. Topicalapplication allows a steady diffusion of the drug to the desired targetarea without the cyclic dosages typical of orally or parenterallyadministered drugs.

Typical phosphatidylcholine compositions of the present invention arenonpolar and contain about 85% phosphatidylcholine. By“phos-phatidylcholine” is meant a mixture of stearic, palmitic, andoleic acid diglycerides linked to the choline ester of phosphoric acid,commonly called lecithin. Many commercial lecithin products areavailable, such as, for example, Lecithol®, Vitellin®, Kelecin®, andGranulestin® because lecithin is widely used in the food industry.Compositions of the invention can contain synthetic or natural lecithin,or mixtures thereof. Natural preparations are preferred because theyexhibit desirable physical characteristics and are both economical andnontoxic.

The macromolecular drugs are mixed with the PC composition underconditions to become entrapped in a phosphatidylcholine bilayer.Phosphatidylcholine forms a bilayer entrapping the macromolecular drug,which may be a polypeptide, contributing to the stability of the activemolecule and enhancing penetration. The PC composition therein comprisesa carrier-drug combination to be applied topically.

While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believedthat the following mechanism illustrates how the PC composition acts toefficiently transport the drug across the epidermis, maximizingpenetration of the drug. The PC composition, in liquid crystal phase, isloosely arranged in multilamellar fashion, with the drug being bondedand entrapped within the lipid bilayers formed by the PC composition.This forms a loosely arranged, yet stable, PC composition carrier-drugcomplex. When placed on the epidermis, the carrier-drug complex beginsto diffuse through the epidermis. The phosphatidylcholine molecularchain remains loosely linked with the drug molecular chain and thediffusing phosphatidylcholine molecules “drag” the drug molecules alongas they pass through the skin layers. Moreover, the phosphatidylcholinemolecules may begin to separate from the loosely arranged carrier-drugcomplex and become integrated into the dermis. As thephosphatidylcholine molecules separate from the crystallizedphophoslipid bilayer structure of the carrier-drug complex the drugmolecules are released. As these drug molecules are released, they arenow within into the dermis and may enter the dermal vasculature so theymay act accordingly in the bloodstream. Drug molecules which were oncetoo large to diffuse, by themselves, into the pores of the epidermis,have instead been forced through the epidermis by phosphatidylcholinecarriers which naturally enter and integrate into lipid bilayerstructures within the cells of the epidermis and/or dermis andresultantly are required to release their bonds to the drug moleculesand set them free within the dermis.

Preferred PC compositions comprise phosphatidylcholine in crystal phaseto increase fluidity of the lipid bilayer formed. By reducing rigidityand loosening the phospholipid bilayer of the PC composition, largermolecules may embed therein and penetration of the carrier-drugcomposition by the cell membrane is facilitated. The skin is morepermeable to the fluid, less structured lipid bilayer of thePC/carrier-drug composition applied thereon than to the drug by itself,or entrapped in an organized, arranged vesicle such as a liposome. Theloosely packed lipid bilayer of the crystallized carrier-drugcomposition integrates into the cell membrane, and as a result, hastransported the drug so it can enter the bloodstream to act upon thebody. The PC composition may be a multilamellar liquid crystal phase ora liquid crystal phase suspension in water which may be converted tomultilamellar liquid lipid vesicles.

In preferred embodiments, nonpolar preparations of phosphatidyl-cholineare formulated to contain adjunct ingredients, e.g., lipoic acid andascorbyl palmitate, in addition to the macromolecular drug. The adjunctingredients act synergistically to help to minimize degradation and thuspreserve the integrity of the insulin polypeptide chains, and to enhancetransdermal penetration of active insulin so that it can be absorbed bythe dermal vasculature.

Preferred PC compositions of the invention contain somepolyenylphosphatidylcholine (herein abbreviated “PPC”) to enhanceepidermal penetration. By “polyenylphosphatidylcholine” is meant anyphosphatidylcholine bearing two fatty acid substituents, wherein atleast one is an unsaturated fatty acid with at least two double bondssuch as linoleic acid. Preferred PPCs contain a mixture of substitutentssuch as those found in natural products such as soybean lecithin, whichcontains 11.7% palmitic, 4.0% stearic, 8.6% palmitoleic, 9.8% oleic,55.0% linoleic, and 4.0% linolenic acid substituents and is a by-productof soybean oil manufacture.

Certain types of soybean lecithin, for example, contain higher levels ofpolyenylphosphatidylcholine, with dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine(18:2-18:2 phosphatidylcholine) as the most abundant phosphatidylcholinespecies, than conventional food grade lecithin, and are useful informulating phosphatidyl-choline insulin compositions of the invention.Alternatively, conventional soybean lecithin is enriched with PPC byadding soybean extracts containing high levels of PPC. As used herein,this type of phosphatidylcholine is called “PPC-enriched”phosphatidylcholine, even where the term encompasses lecithin obtainedfrom natural sources exhibiting PPC levels higher than ordinary soybeanvarieties. These products are commercially available from AmericanLecithin, Rhône-Poulenc and other lecithin vendors. American Lecithinmarkets its products with a “U” designation, indicating high levels ofunsaturation; Rhône-Poulenc's product is a soybean extract containingabout 42% dilinoleoylphos-phatidylcholine and about 24%palmitoyllinoleylphosphatidylcholine (16:0-18:2 PC) as the major PCcomponents.

PC compositions are used for transdermal polypeptide delivery in somepreferred embodiments. Polypeptide drugs that are deliveredtransdermally using formulations can be small, e.g., ocytocin andvasopressin nonapeptides or large, e.g., insulin, gonadotropin, andsomatropin. PC compositions of the invention deliver drugs including,but are not limited to, oxytocin, vasopressin, insulin, somatotropin,calcitonin, chorionic gonadotropin, menotropins, follitropins,somatostatins, progestins, and combinations of any of these. These drugsare readily available from a variety of commercial sources. Insulin, forexample, is marketed under the tradenames Humulin®, Novolin®, Humalog®,and Inutral®. Somatotropin is marketed under the tradenames Gentropin®,Humatrope®, Nutropin®, and Serostim®. Some of these products and otherpolypeptides contain porcine sequences. Preferable compositions of theinvention are preferably formulated with recombinant human polypeptides.It is an advantage of the invention that PC insulin compositions areformulated with commercially available ingredients.

One, non-limiting, example of an insulin topical preparation wasformulated by combining 0.75% methyl paraben with a commercialphosphatidylcholine preparation marketed as a solution denoted NAT-8729(containing PEG-400 at 40% and P.G. at 5%) by mixing for an hour or moreto emulsify. To this is slowly added Dow Corning Fluid 200-5 or 10 cst(1% by weight), the formulation is mixed, and then Dow Corning Fluid 190(1% by weight) is slowly added, and the formulation is further mixed toprovide a stock insulin carrier. Prior to topical administration,insulin is added at a level of about 3.8 mg/ml to provide about 100insulin units per ml.

Another, non-limiting, example of a pituitary growth hormone(somatotropin) composition was formulated with 85% phosphatidylcholineto which lipoic acid and ascorbyl palmitate was added as antioxidants.Somatotropin readily dispersed in phosphatidylcholine and remainedstable in it. Growth hormone appeared to penetrate the skin well whenthe composition was topically applied.

It is appreciated that the foregoing is illustrative and not limiting ofthe invention, and that various changes and modifications to thepreferred embodiments described above will be apparent to those skilledin the art. Such changes and modifications can be made without departingfrom the spirit and scope of the present invention, and it is thereforeintended that such changes and modification be covered by the followingclaims.

1-18. (canceled)
 19. A transdermal therapeutic composition, comprising:a non-liposomal multilamellar liquid crystal carrier comprisingphosphatidylcholine, the non-liposomal multilamellar liquid carriercomprising a polypeptide for transdermal delivery to dermal vasculature,the phosphatidylcholine comprising a higher concentration ofpolyenylphosphatidylcholine than the concentration ofpolyenylphosphatidylcholine in food grade lecithin.
 20. The compositionof claim 19, wherein the polypeptide is insulin.
 21. The composition ofclaim 19, wherein the polypeptide is selected from the group consistingof oxytocin, vasopressin, somatotropin, calcitonin, chorionicgonadotropin, menotropins, follitropins, somatostatins, progestins, andcombinations of any of these.
 22. The composition of claim 19, whereinthe carrier comprises about 85% w/w phosphatidylcholine.
 23. Thecomposition of claim 19, wherein the carrier further comprises one ormore of ascorbyl palmitate and lipoic acid.
 24. The composition of claim19, wherein the carrier further comprises a polyglycol.
 25. Thecomposition of claim 24, wherein the phosphatidylcholine forms 45% w/wof the carrier and the polyglycol forms 55% w/w of the carrier.
 26. Thecomposition of claim 25, wherein the 55% w/w polyglycol is 50% w/wpolyglycol having a molecular weight of 200 and 5% w/w polyglycol havinga molecular weight of
 400. 27. The composition of claim 19, wherein thephosphatidylcholine within the carrier consists essentially ofpolyenylphosphatidlycholine.
 28. The composition of claim 19, thecarrier further comprising a surfactant.
 29. The composition of claim28, wherein the surfactant comprises a siloxylated polyether.
 30. Thecomposition of claim 29, wherein the siloxylated polyether comprisesdimethyl, methyl(propylpolyethylene oxide propylene oxide, acetate)siloxane.
 31. The composition of claim 19, the carrier furthercomprising a lubricant.
 32. The composition of claim 31, wherein thelubricant comprises a silicone fluid.
 33. The composition of claim 32,wherein the silicone fluid comprises polydimethylsiloxane.
 34. Thecomposition of claim 19, the carrier further comprising methyl paraben.35. A transdermal therapeutic composition, comprising: a non-liposomalmultilamellar liquid crystal carrier comprising crystallinephosphatidylcholine, the phosphatidylcholine consisting essentially ofpolyenylphosphatidylcholine, the carrier comprising a polypeptide fortransdermal delivery to dermal vasculature.
 36. The composition of claim35, wherein the polypeptide is insulin.
 37. The composition of claim 35,wherein the polypeptide is selected from the group consisting ofoxytocin, vasopressin, somatotropin, calcitonin, chorionic gonadotropin,menotropins, follitropins, somatostatins, progestins, and combinationsany of these.
 38. The composition of claim 35, wherein the carrierfurther comprises one or more of ascorbyl palmitate and lipoic acid. 39.The composition of claim 35, wherein the carrier further comprisespolyglycol.
 40. The composition of claim 39, wherein thephosphatidylcholine forms 45% w/w of the carrier and the polyglycolforms 55% w/w of the carrier.
 41. The composition of claim 40, whereinthe 55% w/w polyglycol is 50% w/w polyglycol having a molecular weightof 200 and 5% w/w polyglycol having a molecular weight of
 400. 42. Amethod, comprising: providing a preparation comprisingphosphatidylcholine, the phosphatidylcholine comprisingpolyenylphosphatidylcholine at a first concentration; enriching thepreparation with an extract comprising phosphatidylcholine, thephosphatidylcholine comprising polyenylphosphatidylcholine at a secondconcentration, the second concentration of polyenylphosphatidylcholinebeing higher than the first concentration ofpolyenylphosphatidylcholine; and causing the preparation to adopt anon-liposomal multilamellar liquid crystal phase.
 43. The method ofclaim 42, the method further comprising adding a polypeptide to thepreparation.
 44. The method of claim 43, wherein the polypeptide isinsulin.
 45. The method of claim 44, wherein the polypeptide is selectedfrom the group consisting of oxytocin, vasopressin, somatotropin,calcitonin, chorionic gonadotropin, menotropins, follitropins,somatostatins, progestins, and combinations of any of these.